Network Application Wireless - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 20 Words: 6089 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? 1. Introduction These are the various network management tools used by network manager to verify network connection, monitor network packets, analyse captured packets, troubleshoot network connectively failure, diagnosing network slow performance and identify source of incident in order to make the network available 24 hours seven days a week. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Network Application Wireless" essay for you Create order 1.1 Benefits of Network Management Tools Network manager benefits from network monitoring tools in so many ways as described below Easy migration from old legacy application to new technologies For example when network administrator is migrating form a legacy IOS based application to LWAPP using Airwave Management Platform software tool for wireless network management, net work administrator is provided with centralized control for Wi-Fi networks where roaming data and information as well as historical data are kept as airwave gives a common platform to manage the devices. This is beneficial to the network manager because it makes it easy for migration from old legacy applications to new technologies and makes it easy to monitor the network usage all the time Quick identification of network or server failure when the server of a portion of the network is down, before users get to notice the failure network administrator receives a warm and rectified the fault and providing the network manager with means of monitoring and providing network availability round-the-clock. Using network-monitoring tool like ipMonitoring with attributes such as such as reporting, user tracking, access point configuration management and rogue AP discovery, network administrator is able to monitor any networked device on the corporate intranet and TCP/IP LAN and receive alerts immediately depending the administrators configuration of receiving alerts; this can be received through alarm, e-mail, or third-party software when a connection fails. Diagnosis and troubleshooting, Network monitor can be used to diagnose why the server computer is not communicating with the clients computers on the network on a local area network, for example network administrator can configure network monitor to capture all the frames on the network, this includes source and destination address of the computer sending and receiving frames, protocols used as well as part of message sent. Net work administrator analyses this information to locate the source of problem on the network and troubleshoots it. Checking for connectivity of a computer online for example using ping command to check if a computer is online helps network manager for example when user calls and said they can logon to networked computer to troubleshoot and diagnose the network manager uses ping to find out if the computer in on the network or not. This is beneficial to the administrator because it helps him to identify where the problem is originating. 1.2 Structure of management information Structure of management information is a network component used in network management which is used in simple network management; its main role is to define set of module identity, object type and notification type. Structure of management information shows how related managed objects such as object names, types of data that can be stored in an object and how its transmission over the network for example action done to retrieve vale of an object with codes 2. Use Datagram Protocol User datagram protocol is a transport layer protocol that is used to send packets to computers in networked environments. User Data Protocol has the following advantages over Transport Control Protocol Connectionless When communicating with two computers on the network, user data protocol doesnt negotiate connection between the two client computers but just transfers data as its received No Connection State User data protocol doesnt maintain and doesnt keep track of any parameters such as buffers sent, congestion control and rate which data is transfer for example when used in server environment, user data protocol is able to support more active clients if a particular application is run over it because it doesnt acknowledge packets being sent or received. Small packet header over head User data protocol has got a smaller header of 8bytes of overhead making it faster in transferring data Unregulated send rate, user data protocol doesnt have congested control mechanism and data is sent at rate, which it has been generated by the application in use for example taking into account the CPU, clock rate at the source of data. 2.1 Applications layer protocol used by User data protocols as Transport layer protocol Domain Name Service Is a database like that converts the computers fully qualified domain name that are easy to be remembers such as www.yahoo.com into IP address such as 201.171.25.0. 6 that are then used by computers to connect/ communicate with each other Steaming multimedia This is the continuous transfer of video, voice and digital data that is received and showed/displayed in real time for example podcast and webcast Routing protocol Routing protocol is used to determine which path to be used to sent/ transmit data packets across a network. 2.2 Reasons why UDP is preferred over TCP Domain Name Service User data protocol is preferred over transport control protocol because its used by DNS for name queries and because the information exchange between UDP and DNS is small in size for example the packet size sent through UDP is not greater than 512 bytes. Streaming multimedia Streaming multimedia its used by UDP because it compresses audio files in to small packets of data that makes it easy to transmit and continuously streaming and transmitting audio files whenever their audio data drops. This doesnt break or cause delay on audio broadcast. The streamed data is sent by the server application to the client application stores the stream data the then displays the data received in real time or playing the voice streamed files as soon as its buffered. Routing protocol On routing protocol, User data protocol is preferred because routing table updates are sent periodically and some of the data is lost a long the way and updates need to be resent so its up to date on network layer which is impossible with transport control protocol 2.3 Controversial use of UPD in multimedia applications The use of user data protocol for streaming multiple media application is controversial because user data protocol doesnt have congestion control which is much needed to prevent the network from going into a state in which less or no work can be done, for example if a users sends high bit rate video are sent without using congestion control, user will be unable to see the video messages because of the packet overflow at the router. 2.4 Adaptive congestion control scheme One scheme that would force the use of adaptive congestion control is real time communication scheme which has building reliability into applications that will force the use of congestion control, for example in mobile application where congestion control is built though the application run over user data protocol, it acknowledges and retransmit packets that get loss during transmission Applications that perform congestion control user the network more efficiently for example with bits rates being controlled, the network will not go into a state where it can not be used 2.5 Advantage of Adaptive congestion scheme Better performance of the network for example in the case of video when small bit are sent and controlled, the performance improves as the bandwidth will be enough to support bit rates It ensures that all packets sent reach destination 3. Exchange between Dhcp Server and Client Computers DHCP Server and Client Computers See Appendix (i) For clients to receive IP addresses from dhcp servers TCP/IP need to be con figured to get IP addressed automatically on the TCP/IP properties dialogue box. Dhcp client computers that are configured to obtain IP address automatically request and receive IP configuration upon booting the client computer. Dhcp clients get IP addresses and other configuration each time the client computers are started and join the network. Dhcp server assigns IP address to a client from a predefines scope for a given duration of time and if that duration expires the IP address is released to the scope and can be assigned to another client but if the duration is longer than the lease time, the client requests for and extension before the lease expires. 3.1 Router and Components A router is a device that connects one or more computer to create a network environment for example a modem. A router has the following major components Input port Is the point is direct connection for physical link and it is the point at which incoming packets enters the port. Input port provides functions such as performing the data link layer encapsulation and encapsulation, a route lookup and sending packets to output port via switching fabric as well as proving quality of service guarantees input port classify the in a predefined service level Output port Output ports stores packets that are forward via the switching fabric and transmits or schedule packets for service on an output link performing both the reverse data link and physical link functionality as done in input port Switching Fabric This connects input ports and output ports Routing processor Executes routing protocols, creates and forward routing tables which is used in packet forwarding and performs management functions within the router. 3.2 Internet Protocol version 4 Internet protocol version 4 is the protocol that is widely in use in most corporate networks and it uses network layer protocol and its used as internetwork layer protocol on the internet 3.3 Internet protocol version 6 Internet protocol version 6 is the update version of internet protocol version 4 with much more address space. Its mostly used on the internet bone in Asian countries. Protocol Structure of an IPV4 header See Appendix (i) Protocol Structure of an IPV6 header See Appendix (iii) Due to the depletion of internet protocol version four and lager routing tables, internet version 4 has been updated to version 6 that provides better security, more address space. This has made internet version 6 more advantageous in some ways as discussed below. Internet protocol version 6 address space 3.4 Advantages of internet version 6 Internet protocol version 6 has got more address space as compared to internet version 6 for example version 6 has got 128-bit address space which allows for flexible creation of multilevel, hierarchical and routing infrastructure which is not that possible with internet protocol version 4 Internet protocol version 6 has got in built security which is standard and mandate, its offered in all implementation and has no changes the application, for example security features such as authentication on packet signing , data encryption and end-to end DHCP, DNS and IPv6 mobility is provided for in security model. 4. Wired Equivalent Privacy WEP is the short term for Wired Equivalent Privacy for a security protocol used in wireless local area network that operates at a data link layer and has a security that can be turned of and on again as defined in 802.11b standards. This standard has been set by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering The main aim of Wireless Equivalent Privacy was to provide security via 802.1wireless network where data is sent from one end point to another. For example Key security features of WEP was meant to offer the following Confidentiality Wireless Equivalent Privacy is used to prevent data transmitted on the network from being eavesdropped by some whom the information is not meant to be communicated. Unauthorised access to wireless network Wireless Equivalent Privacy used to prevent unauthorised access to the network Data integrity, to prevent the alteration of data being transmitted 4.1 Advantages of Wired Equivalent Privacy WEP uses a 2.4 gigahertz radio frequency which provides clear signal for its lower than other frequencies and can travel through wall without affecting frequency. WEP is relatively cost effective for example the cost of a router and Wi-Fi card is normally below 55 which makes it cost effective for both big corporations, and home users 4.2 Disadvantages of Wireless Equivalent Privacy Static encryption key which is used by all the devices on the network make it very easy for packets to be intercepted and crack what the key is making it very vulnerable to hackers. For example when a router is set up on the network, the encryption used by the router is then used by almost all the device on the network Weak keys made it easier for it to guessed and cracked when used at the access point Initialisation vector in WEP is also ways reused, for example if a user who connects with WEP to access wireless network uses the same key over and over changes, this key can easily be cracked WEP has its algorithms sent in plaintext which makes it a lot easier for key streams to be determined 4.3 Difference between WEP and WPA Wireless Equivalent Privacy standard 802.11 and Wireless Fidelity Protected Access are different in so many ways for example WEP uses 128bit with 24 integrity value, while WPA used 128 bite with a 48 bit integrity value. WPA has features such as Temporarily Key Integrity Protocol which dynamically changes the keys used for encryption while Key in WEP are static and is shared by all device on the network. The combined used of 48bit integrity values and TKIP, AES makes WPA more security strong as compared to WEP. Weak keys made it easier for it to guessed and cracked when used at the access point. Initialisation vector in WEP is also ways reused for example if a user who connects with WEP to access wireless network uses the same key over and over changes, this key can easily be cracked. WEP has its algorithms sent in plaintext which makes it a lot easier for key streams to be determined These weaknesses among others called for a better standard to be adopted which will provide wireless network with better security and this led to the improvement of 802.1 to WPA. 4.4 Wireless Fidelity Protected Access WPA stands for Wireless Fidelity Protected Access for local area network base on the specification of 802.11. This standard was designed to improve on the security weakness of Wired Equivalent Privacy. 4.5 Advantages of WPA WPA provides added authentication features to basic WEP which provides for stronger encryption mechanisms. The added features includes Advanced Encryption standards protocol as used in WPA2, Temporary key Integrity Protocol as used in WPA. When use in windows 2003 environment, WPA provides the strongest wireless security. WPA has back ward compatibility for older applications that use WEP this doesnt call for upgrade. The use of 802.1x Radius servers provides administrators with means of auditing and logging incidents. 4.6 Disadvantages of WPA The set up of the pre-shared key is difficult and it not beneficially to home users with less technical knowledge. It has more over head as compared to WPE. Its incompatible with pre 1998 windows operating systems and doesnt support older firmware. Its major fall is the denial of service attacks which can leave the whole network shutdown due to constant different keys that are generated and interpreted by the network as some kind of attack. 4.7 Comparing WPA and WEP features WPA has enhanced featured that is based on WEP standard. The features in WAP include temporarily key integrity protocol and 802.1 x. This features provides dynamic key integrity and mutual authentication to most wireless local area networks 48-bit initialisation vectors Like Wireless Equivalent Protocol, Temporal Key Integrity Protocol uses the RC4 stream cipher provided by RSA security for frame body decryption and CRC for each frame before transmission but the difference here is that WPA has added feature Temporal Key Integrity Protocol that uses a 48bit initialisation vectors that has reduced the re-use of initialisation vectors. This has brought about data confidentiality. While WEP encryption is based on 128bit with 24 integrity value, which means the keys are of smaller size and integrity value making it easy for hackers to crack the keys as the initialisation vector seeds to WEP algorithm coded, this feature has been enhanced by the 48 bit integrity vector in WPA. Data Encryption When data packets are sent, it encrypted separately with RC4 cipher stream, generated by b4 bit RC4 key, the key consist 24 bit initialisation vector Pre-Packet key Construction and Distribution WPA generates a new encryption key automatically for each client, for example WPA uses unique and different key for each 802.11 frames and avoid the use of same key as in WEP. This automatic key generation makes it impossible for WPA keys to be cracked by hackers While in WEP the same key is shares by all the devices on the network is static which means due it its unchanging nature, its a lot easy for the shared key to be modified Message Integrity codes The use of Michael prevents against attacks and forgeries, WPA uses a secrete 648bite authentication key that will be shared only between the source and destination where during the process of authentication tagging function takes place and message integrity code. For forgeries to be identified, the destination receiver inputs source into verification predicate and creates another tag code and it this both matches then the message is considerers authentic is created to detect bit flipping and changes to the source and destination. Unlike WEP that uses 4 byte integrity check value to the standard payload. The receiving client calculates the integrity check value and if the values do match then there is a chance that frames were not tempered with and in case data Counter mode/ CBC-MAC This is a data confidentiality protocol used for packet authentication and data encryption. For confidentiality for example CCMP uses the advanced encryption standards in counter mode and for encryption and data integrity CCMP deals with Cipher Blocking Chaining Message Authentication Code making this standard more secure as compared to WEP which has got no encryption mode EAP encapsulation over LAN, this is the key standard use n key exchange that is not used in WEP for example this protocol allows for a four way key handshake as well as a group key handshake while in WEP there is only a two way key handshake. The IEEE802.1x as used in WPA2 provided a sure means of authenticating and controlling user traffic to secure networks 5. A Disaster Recovery Plan Is the process of restoring access to the main business applications, data, hardware and software that is required to start the system operational, Disaster Recovery Plan provides information on how to handle information that may be lost or corrupted during the disaster as well as proving team leaders with procedures of restoring information and data. 5.1 Major steps in disaster recovery process Notification procedure This is the action taken by disaster team members as soon as emergency occurs. In the notification stage, systems can be restored functions on a limited basis. For example in a data centre when database team leader receives alert on his/her computer that a file within the database is corrupt, this alert can be sent to the team assessment team either automatically by the system or mailed to the assessment team to analyse the damage Analyse the extent of the damage The analysis of the damaged cause should be done as soon as possible to determine the level of damage to the applications for example if it a power outrage has occurred in the data centre, the analysis should be able to detailed the applications affected, origin of the incident, work areas that have been affected and if there is another source of power to run the database the this can be powered on for example in case there is UPS backup while further investigation in the outrage is carried Activation of the plan Depending on the damage cause by disaster and the out come of analysis, the disaster recovery team can make a decision to activate the plan. For example in the case of data centre if the entire database server is down, the team looks at the possible way that the system can be restored with a minimal time, planning for team communication procedures, then the respective team leaders will notify staff members about and start working on their respective tasks to restore the system as agreed by the team members. Execution stage Recovery process at this stage can be looked at under Sequence of Recover activities and Recovery procedures and depending on what has been defined in the data recovery plan for example in case of ordering database, this can be done manually while recovery process is done Sequence of Recovery activities Recover process should be carried out according the priority of each disaster and level of disaster damage from the results got from the analysis. For example if the database sever is recovered and this is the main critical business system, then this should be restored first before other servers and all the disaster recovery team should carried out the restoration process as in the disaster recovery plan,. If the business has to be transferred to another site then the critical files associated with the service has to be transferred depending on the plan. For example a plan to transport IT equipment and important data files. Recovery process This includes having access to the damaged IT equipment in case of the data centre this could database servers, corrupt files, informing users of the applications, getting backup if its not in house, restoring critical systems such operating systems, SQL database, testing the system before if goes operational and connecting the system on the network and informing uses of the application of the success of the restoration. Rebuilding process Ones the recovery process has been usefully, the disaster team recovery embarks on the process of transferring all the data recovered back to the original system, or may be totally system that can best support the functionality of data service being offered. The disaster recovery team will continue to monitor for any reoccurrence of incidents, make the necessary network and infrastructure connections, bring down the contingency system upon which the application was running and when the all system is stable the data centre staff can be able to use the original system after full restoration of data Update the disaster recovery plan If new procedures are find out during the process of recovery, its updated on the recovery plan documentation which will be used again in case the same disaster occurs again 5.2Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery Plan The IT business continuity and disaster recovery plan for the IT department that I currently work in seeks to deal with the how best to handle emergency in the event of disasters and how best to minimise risk of damage, provide emergency services and recover to normalcy of service operations The Business Continuity Institute defines business continuity planning as A holistic management process that identifies potential impacts that threaten an organisation and provides a framework for building resilience with the capability for an effective response that safeguards the interests of its key stakeholders, reputation, brand and value creating activities 5.3 Aims of Business Continuity Planning Preventing a disaster At the initial planning stage, the critical areas of service operation of Information Technology is identified, for example within the Information Technology department where I work, servers for crucial systems, hot sites and training of the disasters team leaders are laid down. This initial planning stage is carried out with the aim of minimising the impact of disasters on Information technology resources and services; this also ensures that the department is able to recover as fast as possible from a disaster. Continuity The procedure of running a Information services using minimum resources during a disaster, this prevents the organisation from being put out of services both internally and externally. For example running applications for only crucial systems to continue operation while recovery is on the process Recovery The procedures that are required to restore all systems and resources are identified. This helps in bring all the resources and system to full operation, for example backing up data from off site centre. 5.4 Contingency Plan activation The activation of the organisations IT service continuity plan can be started at any time. The decision of activating the plan will be the sole responsibility of Estates and Security department with the assistant of officer in charge and contingency plan can not be started without the instruction being issued by Estates and security department with assistance from the Officer in charge. In case emergency occurs during business working hours, members of disaster recovery team will be gathered and depending on the level and mature or damage the Information technology team will be contacted If the emergency occurs out of business working hours, security is required to call the head of security or his/her deputy who will get in touch with the disaster recovery team with the help of the officer in charge and then the decision to initiate the Information communication technology business continuity plan If the team leaders are not available in the event of the emergency the deputy will take the responsibility and in the event where both the team leader and deputy are not available, next person on the list takes responsibility. 5.5 Emergency Management Team Team leader: Head of information Technology department who is responsible for over seeing all the information system services Deputy team leader: Systems Manager Responsible for all the systems applications such as the servers, back up and liaison between the off sites third party centres Team member: Database Administrator Responsible for; Internal databases and well as internal sites Ensure that a domain account has been set up for the SQL services. The admin backup and standard jobs from SourceSafe InstallationSQL Server 2000 Customise the jobs to ensure that server names and paths are correct Team member: Information Technology Security officer Responsible for the security of the internal sites and well as blocking unsafe sites Team member: Network Engineer Responsible for network connectivity and test our network devices from within our network Run test network script using DOS command Test access to the web services -Use government secure intranet network PC or dial-up PC belonging to web team in OCPD to check connection to all websites -Use nslookup to connect to wb-dns1 internal to the organisation and check that website names can be resolved Test email -An email should be sent to [emailprotected]/* */ and echo. These should respond by sending an email back 5.6 Disaster Recovery Plan Is the process of restoring access to the important system data, hardware and software that is required to start the system operational, Disaster Recovery Plan provides information on how to handle information that may be lost or corrupted during the disaster as well as proving team leaders with procedures of restoring information and data. 5.7 The main Objectives of the Information Technology Recovery Team The Recovery Teams main duties/ task are to: Prevent damages to Information Communication Installations Decide the requirements of senior management for other Departmental Recovery Teams and work accordingly to meet the requirements. Carry out tasks that lead to the provision of restoring all Information Communication service to normality as started by the Recovery Team within the disaster constraints or limits. 5.8 Disaster Recovery Team Team leader: Head of Estates and Security Responsible for the safe of the building as well as staff and members of the public Deputy team leader: Site Contractor Responsible for building and central service Team member: Head of security Responsible for staff and public safety 5.9Recovery Site The recovery site will be informed by the Information Technology Departmental recovery team leader and the assistant by Disaster recovery Team in case the team leader is absent. The site is located about 3 miles a way from the organisation, In case of serious incidents, the site can be contacted by information recovery mobile phone. 6. Assumptions With regard to the following case scenarios below, the disaster recovery team can take actions base on case scenario that is relative to the real disaster. Its the organisations policy that when incidents occur, staffs are evacuated from the building and entry to the site is not permitted unless staff members are informed by head of Estates and Security. 6.1 Case Scenarios Building Non-disruptive These case scenarios may include: Disaster in the staff car park not affecting the building Gas licking the building basement Suspicious package found in the public lockers Building is partly destroyed Scenarios in this case may include: Flood affecting the whole building Apart of the sever room that supports site B of the building is partly destroyed A part of fame room in site A where frame cabinets E8a and E8b are located is partly destroyed. IT store room is also partly affected. Building is completely destroyed Scenario in this case is: Server Room on site A of the building including cabinets room E1 and E2 are completely destroyed. 6.2 Building Non-disruptive 6.3 Actions In these case scenarios, all the information technology equipment are not destroyed. The disruption did call for evacuation of staff for healthy and safe issues and as soon as the build is cleared safe, staff members will be allowed in and operations will resume. 6.4 Building is partly destroyed In these case scenarios, some IT equipment are affected partly, it may escalate to a major for example the part destruction of server room in site A and the cabinet room where E8a and E8a may cause staff on this site to loss access to network resources. Here nothing can be done till staff members are not allowed to enter the building. Ones members are allowed in the building, all the equipment in the area affected can then tested base on the test plan below 6.5 Immediate Actions to be taken The following should be tested. XYZ website Test the organisations website DORIS ordering, ( both the internal and External DORIS should be tested) PROCAT Ordering (internal) Test the prologon website PROCAT Ordering (external) The catalogue should be tested base on the link to the site provided the by information technology recovery team Libcat (internal) and Libcat (external Check to ensure the internal Library catalogue is accesses both internal and externally. Moving Here Check moving here website Check and ensue that all pages display no error messages and if any page do display error message, mail it to database team via mailbox . 1 double p. foolscap dated Keri May 6 1876 A2A LOGIN use this direct link Carry out a standard search on the search page: Enter Keri in Keyword search box. Click on Search button. SEARCH RESULTS PAGE: 2 catalogues was found to match Keri date: 1877 [from Scope and Content]Holo. 4 double pp. foolscap dated Keri May 5 1876, in French date: 1877 [from Scope and Content]Holo QUIT RETURN TO HOMEPAGE: Click on link Exit Session Report any incidents to ABC team via mailbox Account Manager system Using the internal network resources and links, restore the admin database on na-sql1 restore the accountmanager website on na-web1 Documents Online Use the Quick Search facility to search for Keri. Click on the link for the WWI Campaign Medals hits and select the option to view details for any of the results. Report any problems to the database team via the DB Admin mailbox. Learning Curve https://www.XYZgov.uk/ Click search and then click the Personal Name tab. Type in Churchill in the name field and click the search button. This should display a results list. Click on any of the results to view the details. Report any problems to the database team via the DB Admin mailbox 6.6 Worse case scenario: Building is completely destroyed The following assumptions are made in this case scenario: Power supply in site B of the building has not been affected Access to the internet has/has not been restored to E1and E2 upon entering the Site A of the building 6.7 Action taken The backup compute room duplicates to the main sever in server room A Electric power to site B is not interrupted Services on hot standby are restored instantly Intranet and Internet verify servers Intranet and Internet web severs Mail Exchange server this will run on limited service. For example some staff members may not be able to send or receive email and access and restoration of the mail services may take as long as eight hours Objective server Restoring the current database backups and log files SQL database server All applications which run on the Internet or internal web servers will have this resilience. This will include: Doris Procat Global Search DocsOnline Moving Here Narnia The whole of the XYZ site (with all related applications) Learning Curve Family records HMC FOI Reading room screens (excluding the digital archive) This does not include (primarily due to design / licensing issues): A2A ANG Digital Preservation systems HR (including the swipe card system) Finance (Sun System) WebSense: With Websense access to all the network sites will be free without any control from IT security officer, which is of major concern. Library (Sirsi) These systems would need to be built from scratch on to new servers. Conduct the tests listed in Appendix iv Internet access may / may not be available depending on the nature of the disaster. The Disaster Recovery Team should be informed of the status of the IT Infrastructure and the service levels that can be achieved 6.8 Electric Power to site B interrupted A controlled shut down of the servers and filers in E2a / E2 should be conducted if possible while the UPS is in operation. When electric power has been restored: Turn on the servers / filer and switches in E2a / E2 can be turned on Activate the warm backups as described in 8.2.1 above. 6.9 Site B Cupboards E2 / E4 Destroyed This installation is merely a backup for the main server room, so its destruction should not interfere with the basic services provided by the Site A Server room. In the event of interrupted power to the site, the standby generator should be activated. If this represents a safety risk, a controlled shut down of the server room should be undertaken while the UPS is still functioning. When electric power has been restored: Turn on the servers / filer and switches in E2 / E4 can be turned on Conduct the tests listed in Appendix iv 6.10 Building Total Destruction In this scenario there is no computer installation left operational, and it will be 6.11 Actions taken Decamp to a remote site or alternative site Determine the address of the new location from the Disaster Recovery Team Purchase the equipment / software required by the current business need. 7. Appendices Appendix (i) DHCP Server and Client Computers Source: Articles and Tutorials Windows 2003 (Andrew Z.Tobona) Appendix (ii) Protocol Structure of an IPV4 header 4 8 16 32 bits Version IHL Type of service Total length Identification Flags Fragment offset Time to live Protocol Header checksum Source address Destination address Option + Padding Data Source: Javvin Network Management Security Appendix (iii) Protocol Structure of an IPV6 header 4 12 16 24 32 bit Version Priority Flow label Payload length Next header Hop limit Source address (128 Bites) Destination address (128 bites) Source: Javvin Network Management Security Appendix iv Immediate Actions to be taken The following internal and external websites should be tested. XYZ website Test the organisations website DORIS ordering, ( both the internal and External DORIS should be tested) PROCAT Ordering (internal) Test the prologon website PROCAT Ordering (external) The catalogue should be tested base on the link to the site provided the by information technology recovery team Libcat (internal) and Libcat (external Check to ensure the internal Library catalogue is accesses both internal and externally. Moving Here Check moving here website Check and ensue that all pages display no error messages and if any page do display error message, mail it to database team via mailbox A2A LOGIN use this direct link Carry out a standard search on the search page: Enter Keri in Keyword search box. Click on Search button. SEARCH RESULTS PAGE: 2 catalogues was found to match Keri date: 1877 [from Scope and Content]Holo. 4 double pp. foolscap dated Keri May 5 1876, in French date: 1877 [from Scope and Content]Holo. 1 double p. foolscap dated Keri May 6 1876 QUIT RETURN TO HOMEPAGE: Click on link Exit Session Report any incidents to ABC team via mailbox Account Manager system Using the internal network resources and links, restore the admin database on na-sql1 restore the accountmanager website on na-web1 Documents Online Use the Quick Search facility to search for Keri. Click on the link for the WWI Campaign Medals hits and select the option to view details for any of the results. Report any problems to the database team via the DB Admin mailbox. Learning Curve Archon 8. Bibliography https://www.intranetjournal.com/articles/200503/ij_03_24_05a.html

The Importance of Integrity Essay - 1198 Words

Integrity is how somebody lives their life. In this life we live, we face choices every day that only we can answer. We dictate how we run our own lives, and they way we run them defines us. Integrity is doing the right thing versus the wrong thing. People, if nothing else, can always have their pride, their integrity. It is something that means a lot to some people and then nothing to others. The ones who value their integrity highly are the good people in this world, and the opposite is true for those who do not value their integrity. Integrity has been defined as â€Å"Moral soundness; honesty; freedom from corrupting influence or motive† by a good friend of mine and college graduate. The dictionary describes it as â€Å"Unimpaired,†¦show more content†¦If we’re all forced to comply, we would have a much safer world. Nobody forces us to do anything, and that is the point. Our personal integrity can only be formed by one person: ourselves. Nobody can control out integrity. They can try to sway it (and they do almost daily), but they can not change it unless we allow it to be changed. Integrity is absolutely vital to a community. If a community as a whole, coherent, machine does not have morals, it will be a very bad community. The people in it will not flourish, the kids will grow up bad, and it will be a continuous cycle of immorality. Is a community has no integrity, it brings down the whole area around it. We tend to define this as â€Å"the bad part of town.† Integrity is very important on a college campus. College is a synonym for the word â€Å"freedom.† You live on your own, and the only people you answer to is the school or the police. So it is up to you to make the decisions that are right for your life. Because even more so in college, where you live with your friends, are there choices to be made every single day. And they all could effect your life. Without integrity on a college campus, you have anarchy, because there are very few consequences in most situations. If there is a huge party and somebody decides he wants to do something bad, usually it is impossible to tell who did it because it is a party and there are usually a lot of things going on. Obviously, one of the biggestShow MoreRelatedImportance Of Integrity And Meaning Of Integrity1890 Words   |  8 PagesIMPORTANCE OF INTEGRITY AND PLAGARISM The definition of Integrity (noun) in the Merriam-Webster dictionary is: 1: firm adherence to a code of especially moral or artistic values: INCORRUPTIVILITY. 2 : an unimpaired condition. 3: the quality or state of being complete or undivided. Here is an example of the word being used on Merriam- Webster dictionary; the earthquake may have damaged the building’s structural integrity. All these are different definitions that explain what integrity is. My ownRead MoreThe Importance Of Integrity And Integrity Of The Gospel1272 Words   |  6 Pageshardship as a good soldier of Jesus Christ. No one engaged in warfare entangles himself with the affairs of this life, that he may please him who enlisted him as a soldier. â€Å" Integrity – Integrity plays an important role when saying Yes to God. Integrity is defined as the state of being honest and fair. When you lose your integrity, you destroy your reputation. No one desires or is willing to listen to a dishonest preacher. No one will follow a dishonest and unfair minister of the gospel. It is importantRead MoreThe Importance Of Integrity821 Words   |  4 PagesIntegrity Integrity is adherence to moral and ethical principles in relation to truth and honesty. Integrity shapes us into the person we are destined to be. As James M. Thomas put it, â€Å"Integrity arises from choices and the acts made in response to them.† A person’s integrity will not only gain them recognition from others, but also self-respect. Self-respect is the idea of someone making the right choices and, most importantly, standing by them even when it is difficult. Integrity is not alwaysRead MoreImportance Of Integrity In The Military1561 Words   |  7 Pagesessay we will be discussing the importance of integrity, and what ways it builds cohesiveness in the United States Army. Integrity is defined as, â€Å"Adherence to moral and ethical principles; soundness of moral character; honesty.† Integrity is one of the ethical values that the army uses to stay in check and remains a key value in the army. Before we look at the importance of integrity, let us first look different definitions of integrity. The true meaning of integrity is sometimes very tricky. ActingRead MoreEssay on The Importance of Integrity641 Words   |  3 Pagesundivided, purity. Integrity is a powerful and uncommon trait according to today’s standards. One may be defined and known by his or her integrity. â€Å"A man is rich or poor according to what he is, not according to what he has† Henry Ward Beecher. In the real world today, certain levels of integrity are expected in different places. For example, where we find the influence of evil, we find a lack of integrity. Important issues include: what the Bible has to say about integrity, viewing integrity as a choiceRead MoreThe Importance Of Integrity And Integrity, Courage, And Wisdom Essay1507 Words   |  7 Pageswill benefit all involved. The three most important concepts from Chapter 3 and 4 are integrity, courage, and wisdom. Group Consensus Integrity Integrity is an essential character quality that defines an effective leader. Integrity is a unifying element; it means more than telling the truth. Integrity is concerned with right and wrong, and adherence to a set of values (Satterlee, 2013, p. 7). In that, integrity speaks on the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles – moral uprightnessRead MoreThe Importance Of Integrity Of The Army5025 Words   |  21 Pages SPC PECK 20150714 THE IMPORTANCE OF INTEGRITY IN THE ARMY. Integrity is one of the Army’s core values and one of the cornerstones of the army. The cornerstones of the army are important because they are the very fundamentals that we all must live to uphold. We must always embody and live up to the core beliefs and fundamentals of the army. We must try every day to respect and uphold the army core values and beliefs. These core beliefs are what all the rest of the army beliefs and disciplineRead MoreImportance Of Academic Integrity Essay728 Words   |  3 Pagesthe online Oxford English Dictionary, integrity is the â€Å"soundness of moral principle; the character of uncorrupted virtue, esp. in relation to truth and fair dealing; uprightness, honesty, sincerity.† How does the dictionary definition of integrity apply to personal thoughts on academic integrity and the importance and impact of such? It provides a firm starting point for the effective communication of ideas (or ideals, in this instance). Academic integrity may mean different things to differentRead MoreThe Importance Of A Person With Values And Integrity1049 Words   |  5 PagesSTATEMENT OF PURPOSE I, Richa Dharmesh Jariwala, introduce myself as a person with values and integrity. I believe in simple living with positive attitude. I like to meet people and making friends. My career decision also help me to meet people of different backgrounds, which will enhance my overall personality. I like to live social life with family. I had set rules for my life which provides me direction. Family background: My family consists of six members. My father is a hardworking BusinessRead MoreThe Importance of Ethical Integrity Essay1611 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is ethical integrity and why is it important? This paper will address the viewpoint of ethical integrity and its outcome. Ethical Integrity is a favorably sensible method for doing what is right when it comes to people dealing with people. In today’s society, ethical integrity has become a modern lifestyle. When a person has a strong moral character, they are said to be a person of integrity and to live a honest life is said to be the most important virtue a person can have. Consistency is a

Business Capstone Project Living Networks

Question: Discuss about the Business Capstone Projectfor Living Networks. Answer: Introduction The following paper is going to evaluate a newspaper article from the point of view of the theoretical underpinning of dynamics of system and theoretical issues. For accomplishing the distinct purpose, the article named Living Networks from the newspaper The Ecologist has been considered. The fundamental objective of system thinking is to encompass an unformed body of tools, principles and methods, which are oriented to look at the interrelation between forces. The system thinking sees the forces as a part of common process (Elsawah et al. 2017). The theoretical ground of dynamic system tries to describe all those changes, which are found in both physical and artificial systems (Johnson 2013). However, prior to apply the concepts and principles of dynamics of system and theoretical issues, it is essential to mention that the considered article is about Fritjof Capras explanation about the new scientific evidences, which support the long-held philosophical supposition of Buddhism. Th e long held supposition of Buddhism asserts that human beings are interconnected as well as part of the big nature. It has been understood that the article chiefly concentrates on the age-old philosophical fact that human beings should not be considered responsible for entwining the web of life. The article asserts that, in the era of contemporary science, there is no place for a concept, which claims that human body works as a machine and human mind is completely a separate entity (theecologist.org 2017). As per the new contemporary science, human mind and human body should not be considered individually as they are fundamentally an integral part of one living and cognitive system (Sternberg and Sternberg 2016). In this context, it is required to mention that one of the most interesting assertions made by the article is that, evolution has changed its form from being a competitive struggle to a cooperative aspect for creativity. As per the particular assertion made by Fritjof Capra in the article Living Networks, creativity has become the driving force for evolution (theecologist.org 2017). Prior to apply the theoretical principles of dynamics of system and theoretical issues, it is significant to elaborate that in terms of living networks, the author claims that the fundamental pattern of any organization, be it living or non-living, networks are the networks. In other words, it can be said that networks, particularly the living networks continuously go through a creational and recreational process in order to bring structural changes (theecologist.org 2017). The structural changes are the basics through which web patterns of living organization The assertion further says that the structural change is one of the key characteristics of life. With impressive elaboration of numerous scientific underpinning, the resort of the article has synthesized process of cognition with the process of life. In the distinct way, the article has drawn the central insight of biologist - Humberto Maturana and the anthropologist Gregory Bateson, which claims that life and cognition are essentially connected with each other as cognition is an integral part of self-perpetuation as well as self-generation (theecologist.org 2017). After going through the key points of the article, it can be said that the author has considered the philosophical as well as scientific concept of the contemporary science that living organism is integrated with cognition and life. It means the author acknowledges the assertion that human mind has a reciprocal correlation with human body. The resorted assertion of the considered article can be evaluated through the theoretical principles of dynamics of system. In the particular forefront, it is essential to note that the fundamental concept of system says that it is a recognized whole whose individual elements are cumulated together as per the reason that they ceaselessly affect each other (Senge et al. 1999). Moreover, in a creational and recreational way, every part of a system is interrelated or interconnected with each other in a creational and recreational procedure and operates for a common purpose. Therefore, it is understandable that in order to be an integral part of a syst em, it is essential to communicate as well as continually affect works of other components of a system (Aolita et al. 2015). Considering the center assertion of the considered article - Living Networks, it can be said that the very basic theory of system can be applied upon the discourse. The system theory denotes that individual components of a system works cumulatively and affect each other to serve the systems goal (Martinez?Moyano and Richardson 2013). The central claim of Living Networks says that human cognition or activities of human mind are amalgamated with the bodily function of living things. As per the article, sole purpose of a living system cannot be accomplished without the combine effort or collaboration between human mind and human body. Therefore, it seems that the particular concept of the contemporary science has been built on the basics of the theoretical foundation of system. On the other hand, in this context the conceptual model of system dynamics or the method of system dynamics can be also evaluated. According to the system dynamics model, there are four building blocks, which are the basis of the system dynamics (Yamaguchi and Home 2014). The initial building block of the system dynamics is the level, which is representative of the way that accumulates all the components in a system. The second building block of system dynamics is responsible for the flow, which represent those activities, which simultaneously bring change in the magnitude of the stock (Gaffikin 2008). The third building block or the connectors are considered to have main responsibilities in a system as per the reason that they regulate flows by transmitting the information. Therefore, it means that the works of the first two building blocks are dependent upon the third. Finally, the last building block plays the role of a converter that generates and output value for individual time and further take in information as well transform for helping other variables to utilize them (Beer 2014). The theoretical model is highly related with the predominant concept of life cycle inventory system that says that life cycle is a system that includes four particular stages manufacture, construction, use and maintenance (Braun et al. 2015). If the aforementioned theoretical view can be applied on the considered article of the The Ecologist, then it can be initially said that the correlation and interdependence between human cognition and human body functions is part of the living system. The interrelation between mind and body could not be accomplished without the living networks, which can be regarded or represented as the building blocks of the system dynamics model.In this context, it is to elaborate further that like the first and second building blocks of a system, the mechanisms of body, change the magnitude and are simultaneously accumulated. It is interesting to not e that, the responsibility of the third building block of the dynamics of system seems similar with the predominant works of the mind or the cognitive system. It is because, like the third building block of system dynamics, the human mind, consciousness or the cognitive system is responsible for connecting, transmitting or formatting the information regarding bodily functions (Hutchins 2014). Therefore, understandably for the general flow information regarding the functions of living organism, the role of mind or cognitive system is found to be essential. Thus, undoubtedly, the contemporary scientific underpinning, which asserts human mind and human body are not separated but integrated to form a complete living system, is seemingly built considering the theoretical principle of system dynamics (Dietrich and Markman 2014). On the other hand, it should be mentioned that the chosen article of the newspaper - The Ecologist has ended by a significant emphasis on the systematic problems and its solution. The last part of the chosen article says that there are numerous systematic problems in the Universe, which cannot be fought alone (theecologist.org 2017). Therefore, it means for mitigating systematic issues, it is essential to consider the truth first that each issue in the present Universe is interrelated as well as interdependent. Henceforth, in order to remove them systematic and integrated solutions are required. The penultimate section of the article further discloses that systematic solution do not mitigate a problem individually. Systematic solution always prefers to resolute a critical situation in the background of other situation, which is related to the chief issue. Therefore, an universal issue is therefore solved simultaneously (theecologist.org 2017). The particular segment of the article can be analyzed according to the standpoint of central theoretical issue of system dynamics. The basic issues regarding the theoretical underpinning of system dynamics are found to be two (Gaffikin 2008). The first theoretical issue is most of the time the theory is applied inappropriately and the second one is, more often people are misinformed or mislead regarding the expectation, goals or the limitation (Elsawah et al. ). Both of the theoretical issues are applicable to the point, which has been discussed in the penultimate section of the article. The last section has pointed out that Universal problems like energy, environment, huge economic inequality, war and increasing climate change are systematic problems. Each of the aforementioned critical situations takes place due to either misinterpretation of knowledge or misapplication of any aspect (Fischhendler 2015). More precisely, violence and war generally take place when people misunderstoo d others point of view or make inappropriate application of any service. Likewise, the problem of climate change is a consequence of misapplication of various resources. On the other hand, the problem of increasing economic inequality is also a Universal issue escalated by the misapplication or inappropriate use of earthly resources (Fischhendler 2015). Henceforth, it is quite clear that there is a link between the fundamental definitions of systematic issues with the theoretical issue of system dynamics. Fundamentally, issue arises in a theoretical concept either when the methodologies are not applied properly or when the theoretical concept do not accomplish its thesis statement (Gaffikin 2008). The same is applicable on the articles point of view. Not only the issues discussed or pointed out in the article but the concept regarding theoretical issues and specifically the theoretical issues of system dynamics are appropriately applicable for any kind of Universal issue. The two basic predicaments misapplication or misuse and misinterpretation should be considered responsible for escalating any issue (Elsawah et al. 2017). The authors visualization of systematic problems or systematic errors in the Universe has been done considering the theoretical issues of system dynamics. Therefore, as the fundamental aspect of the article that has been recognized to be formed based on the conceptualization of system dynamics, the theoretical issues of system dynamics can be applied on the later part of the article too. Therefore, two of the assertions made in the considered article are found to have a convenient ground for applying the basic underpinning of system dynamics as well as theoretical issues of it. From the above-elaborated discourse, several facts can be summarized. Initially it has been understood that in the considered article Living Networks from the newspaper The Ecologist, the author have asserted that human cognition and human body functions should not be acknowledged individually as per the reason that human mind and human body functions work along and are interrelated and interdependent. Based on the article human cognition and human body function affect each others work in order to accomplish same purpose. The particular assertion has been supported as well evaluated by the point of view of system dynamics. The theoretical principles of the building blocks of the system dynamic model are found similar with the activities pursued by the cognitive system and body system of a living organism. On the other hand, the later part of the article has discussed about systematic issues related to the Universe, which has been evaluated with the application of the theoretical co ncepts of system dynamic issues. From the above evaluation, it has been understood that behind any systematic problem, there are two fundamental and theoretical issues, which are misapplication or inappropriate application of resources and misinterpretation of knowledge or information. References Aolita, L., de Melo, F. and Davidovich, L., 2015. Open-system dynamics of entanglement: a key issues review.Reports on Progress in Physics,78(4), p.042001. Beer, R.D., 2014. Dynamical systems and embedded cognition.The Cambridge handbook of artificial intelligence, (812), pp.856-873. Braun, U., Schfer, A., Walter, H., Erk, S., Romanczuk-Seiferth, N., Haddad, L., Schweiger, J.I., Grimm, O., Heinz, A., Tost, H. and Meyer-Lindenberg, A., 2015. Dynamic reconfiguration of frontal brain networks during executive cognition in humans.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,112(37), pp.11678-11683. Dietrich, E. and Markman, A.B., 2014.Cognitive dynamics: Conceptual and representational change in humans and machines. Psychology Press. Elsawah, S., Pierce, S.A., Hamilton, S.H., van Delden, H., Haase, D., Elmahdi, A. and Jakeman, A.J., 2017. An overview of the system dynamics process for integrated modelling of socio-ecological systems: Lessons on good modelling practice from five case studies.Environmental Modelling Software,93, pp.127-145. Fischhendler, I., 2015. The securitization of water discourse: theoretical foundations, research gaps and objectives of the special issue.International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics,15(3), pp.245-255. Gaffikin, M.J., 2008. Accounting theory: Research, regulation and accounting practice. Hutchins, E., 2014. The cultural ecosystem of human cognition.Philosophical Psychology,27(1), pp.34-49. Johnson, M., 2013.The body in the mind: The bodily basis of meaning, imagination, and reason. University of Chicago Press. Lu, Q., Sun, Y. and Mei, S., 2013.Nonlinear control systems and power system dynamics(Vol. 10). Springer Science Business Media. Martinez?Moyano, I.J. and Richardson, G.P., 2013. Best practices in system dynamics modeling.System Dynamics Review,29(2), pp.102-123. Senge, P., Kleiner, A., Roberts, C., Ross, R., Roth, G., Smith, B. and Guman, E.C., 1999. The dance of change: The challenges to sustaining momentum in learning organizations. Sternberg, R.J. and Sternberg, K., 2016.Cognitive psychology. Nelson Education. The Ecologist. 2017.Living Networks. [online] Available at: https://www.theecologist.org/magazine/features/2988560/living_networks.html [Accessed 8 Apr. 2017]. Yamaguchi, K. and Home, M., 2014. Money and Macroeconomic Dynamics.Awaji Island, Japan: Japan Future Research Center.

Cosmetic Surgery Research Paper free essay sample

Stars today portray a picture perfect image of how everyone should look, but is it really worth it? To some, yes it is, but when you weigh the pros and cons it really is not worth it. What really is beauty, and why are people so obsessed with it? These days there is a cosmetic procedure to fix any kind of issue that someone thinks they need to have, anything ranging from getting cosmetic dentistry work to getting liposuction. Today, people are under the impression that they have to do whatever it takes to be â€Å"perfect† even if that means going through extensive cosmetic surgery. People should embrace who they are for what God made them to be. A celebrity is who everyone admires and what everyone dreams of becoming, but is it really that glamorous? â€Å"Part of why beauty is so important to humans is that one depth perception allows us to see and recognize that other humans are watching us† (Kuczynski, 2006, p. 104). For most of today’s leading Hollywood stars they have received some sort of cosmetic procedure to enhance their already beautiful looks. On the show the Janice Dickinson Modeling Agency, which broadcasts on Oxygen, Janice underwent a tummy tuck on national television. On the television show The Housewives of the Real Orange Country, it showed the ladies having a party at a doctor’s office and they all received a Botox treatment. An episode of MTV’s True Life did an episode on â€Å"I Want a Famous Face†, â€Å"in which teenagers and people in their twenties described to a surgeon who they wanted to look like† (Kuczynski, 2006, p. 11). â€Å" A twenty-three-year-old transsexual named Jessica wanted to look like Jennifer Lopez, so she got breast implants, cheek implants, and an eyebrow lift and had her hairline lowered† (Kuczynski, 2006, p. 111). Other people who were featured on this episode was a pair of twenty-year- old twins who wanted to look like Brad Pitt, and a woman who wanted breast implants inspired by watching the movie Erin Brockovich. (Kuczynski, 2006, p. 111). The funny thing about that is Julia Roberts who played Erin Brockovich, had a push up bra made for her (Kuczynski, 2006, p. 11). Consequently, the implants that the woman received actually had to be removed due to serious medical complications (Kuczynski, 2006, p. 111). In addition to those shows, Dr. 90210 is a show based directly on plastic surgery. It shows people the great side of cosmetic surgery, and how it changes people’s lives. It seems today that television and the media portray cosmetic procedures as no big deal. It is just like going out to lunch or going to the store. What about the message it is sending out to all the young women out there? Apparently, it is saying that it is not ok to be anything above a size two, and well if you cannot achieve that by over excessive exercise then you just have to alter your looks! Now cosmetic surgery is not the new alcoholic addiction, but it is starting to pose a problem for a lot of people. Some people just feel like they need these procedures done to make them feel pretty or accepted. Take Cindy Jackson for example, or should I say the human Barbie. Cindy in her words was just a â€Å"plain Jane† from Ohio. She wanted to look younger. Her doctor told her â€Å"1) You cant make a plain person attractive, 2) You cant change bone structure, 3) You cant take more than 10 years off a face†(Jackson, 2007, My Surgery. para. 9). Well she succeeded in breaking all of the rules of cosmetic surgery for her time. Cindy had â€Å"eye lifts, nose jobs, cheek implants, lip enhancement, cosmetic dentistry, chin reduction, jaw reshaping, face lifts, breast implants, fat transfers, liposuction, and many more†( Jackson, 2007, My Surgery. para. 3). She really does not even look like she is â€Å"plastic† like most people do when they have work done on them. She just looks like a twenty year old. Which in her mind is satisfying. Along with Cindy there is another face we have all come to know, she is Jocelyn Wildenstein or should I say the human cat. Jocelyn has gone from female to feline, and has spent millions of dollars on plastic surgery to transform her face into that of a cat! It sounds pretty absurd, but she has accomplished it. As scary as she looks Jocelyn looks like a cat on two legs (TMZ Staff, 2008, Cat Chow para. 2). Women are not the only addicts though, take Armand Lepore. Well, he was born a male and his first cosmetic surgery was a sex change (The Insider, 2006, Inside the Most Extreme Plastic Surgery Ever! para. 3). Now one of the nations most famous transgender, Amanda Lepore has undergone a ton of plastic surgeries to make him look like a girl. Well, he has succeeded and now has been doing modeling for top designers. The most shocking surgery that Amanda had was that the doctors had to break her rib to make her waist look smaller (The Insider, 2006, Inside the Most Extreme Plastic Surgery Ever! para. 6). If that does not scream addict in itself I do not know what does. It is just amazing the measures people are willing to go to be â€Å"beautiful†. Risking your health just to save some money is it really worth it? Well some women feel that going overseas to seek plastic surgery is worth it. After maybe being denied by a good doctor in the states or just not having enough money for their dream look, more and more people are going outside of the U. S to get plastic surgery. Some women swear by it and think its no big deal, but it really could be a big deal if they do not do their research. Some doctors overseas do not even have a license and are just posing as doctors to make a living. You could have a higher chance of getting some sort of disease overseas because doctors do not get checked out enough and can do whatever they want. If you weigh the costs of food, plane tickets, and the actual surgery, the patients might be surprised that they could get a legitimate surgery in the states for the same price that in total they would spend overseas (McFadden, 2008, Are Overseas Plastic Surgeries Safe? para. 14). According to WNDU News, a woman who was 350 pounds lost 180 pounds and need a surgery to remove her excess skin (McFadden, 2008, Are Overseas Plastic Surgeries Safe? para. 6). In the United States the surgery would of cost her $75,000, so she decided to go to Costa Rica for a total of $19,000, but to her dismay she ended up spending close to $50,000 to fix all of the mistakes made by the surgeon in Costa Rica (McFadden, 2008, Are Overseas Plastic Surgeries Safe? para. 8). Uncertainty, risk, and complications are always factors when receiving cosmetic surgery. You could have issues ranging from permanent scaring to fatal death. But again and again people pile into their chosen doctors offices to receive such risky and unnecessary procedures. An example of one of the most recent fatal causes of a cosmetic surgery has to be Kanye West’s mother passing away. Donda West’s death was caused by related complications from a tummy tuck and breast reduction procedure (Reid Rodriguez, 2007, Donda West Noted Scholar and Kanye’s Mother, Dies at 58, para 2). You just cannot be sure about what can really happen. Donda West was the mother of a very famous rapper and she was also a respected college professor (Reid Rodriguez, 2007, Donda West Noted Scholar and Kanye’s Mother, Dies at 58, para 1). I am sure she did her research like everyone else, and because of her son I’m sure she had one of the best doctors, but you can never be sure when dealing with cosmetic surgery. Obviously, not all surgeons can be trusted. Some actually go to extreme measures by buying certifications to hang in their luxurious offices. According to Straight Talk About Cosmetic Surgery (2007), they state that â€Å"if plastic surgeons do not do their homework, they will experiment on their patients† (Perry Roizen, 2007, p. 302). By the patients dismay these surgeons will take advantage of them to the fullest. If they buy a new machine and it does not seem to work as they thought it would, they will still lie to their patients until that piece of machinery is paid off (Perry Roizen, 2007, p. 302). Cosmetic surgery is very expensive and to be lied to is just wrong. â€Å"The total expenditures for all procedures in the United States is $12,376,507,077† (Perry Roizen, 2007, p. 22). That is a lot of hard earned money, and just to waste it away for something so risky is crazy. It just shows how shallow our society is. Some of the most popular procedures are breast augmentations, breast lift, abdominoplasty (tummy tuck), liposuction, rhinoplasty (nose job), microdermabrasion, and botox. In the book Straight Talk About Cosmetic Surgery, there is a table consisting of information given by the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery about age distribution of cosmetic procedures, and all the following information was recorded in the year 2005. 84,899 people received a breast augmentation between the ages of 19-34, 68,000 people went through a breast lift between the ages of 35-50, between the ages of 35-50 98,887 people received a abdominoplasty, 207,660 people have received liposuction between the ages 35-50,100, 388 people went through a rhinoplasty (nose job) between the ages 19-34, between the ages of 35-50 465,084 people received a microdermabrasion, and a shocking 1,711,797 people between the ages of 35-50 have received botox (Perry Roizen, 2007, p. 27-329). Since botox is the most popular procedure among the public, I was wondering what really is botox? Botox is the U. S Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved injections of botulinum toxin type A for the treatment of facial wrinkles (Bernstein, 2003, Botox: Quick Fix, Serious Medicine, para. 1). Surprisingly, â€Å"doctors had been using the drug â€Å"off label† to relieve patients of their wrinkles long before it was officially sanctioned for that purpose† (Bernstein, 2003, Botox: Quick Fix, Serious Medicine, para. 1). Once again my point of doctors practicing without proper instructions of a drug is not right. Without botox being approved by the FDA doctors could have really hurt people by injecting it into them. There could have been serious side effects, but it seems like they care about making money more than peoples well being. For years cosmetic surgery has been popular, but is it still really worth it? It does not matter who you are the risks are still there. Some people think they are invincible and think bad things cannot happen to them, but they are obviously wrong. Even if you are a celebrity it can still happen to you. After knowing all the facts it is hard to think that people still go overseas or still go get risky procedures done even in the United States, to make themselves feel better. People are going to extreme measures to be beautiful, but are people mistaking their insecurities for thinking there not beautiful? There are more and more addicts immerging that have an addiction to some kind of cosmetic procedure, and we need to find a cure. Doctors should not be thinking about making money and should think about these peoples health. Instead of doing work on them these doctors should think about suggesting a psychiatrist for their prospective patients. Patients willing to get this surgery after knowing all the outcomes should be smart and do their research about their doctor, but beware of the risks.

Wuthering Heights (884 words) Essay Example For Students

Wuthering Heights (884 words) Essay Wuthering HeightsWhen Wuthering Heights was published it was blasted its contemporaries asobscene. They railed that Catherine and Heathcliff were the most immoral and ingeneral worst people they had ever had the misfortune of reading about. AlthoughWuthering Heights has taken its rightful place as masterwork of 19th centuryliterature and Emily Bront? has receive credit for her work, it is stillpossible to see where the early attacks are based. Heathcliff especially behavesin a very obtuse manner. The basis for this behavior is Heathcliffs bizarrelove/hate relationship with Catherine. His frustrated desire to be with hercauses him deep personal pain, which he transfers to other characters in asadistic attempt to force them to feel that pain as well. Heathcliff andCatherines relationship is neither stable nor in any way normal. Instead it isfull of violent emotions which are either soaring high or dashingly low, withvery little between the two. Catherine declares that she and Heathclif fWhatever souls are made of, his and mine are the same(73). We will write a custom essay on Wuthering Heights (884 words) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Heathcliff desires nothing more than to be with Catherine, but theirrelationship is undermined by the revelation that Catherine feels that itwould degrade me to marry Heathcliff . . .(73). Heathcliff was unsuitableto Catherine because he is poor with no family. However, Edgar Linton has bothand for those shallow reasons Catherine marries Edgar betraying Heathcliffsfeelings for her and her own feeling as well. Catherine had hoped to marry Edgarbut also to keep on loving Heathcliff as well, to have her cake and eat ittoo. The violence, hatred, love, and passion of Catherine andHeathcliffs relationship is encapsulated in their conversation onCatherines deathbed: He could hardly bear, for downright agony, tolook into her face. . . . She was fated, sure to die. ?Oh, Cathy! Oh, my life!How can I bear it?' . . . . . . . . . . . . ?I shall not pity you, not I. You have killed me? and thriven onit, I think. . . How may years do you mean to live on after I am gone? . . . .. . . . . . . . I shouldnt care what you suffered. I care nothing for yoursufferings. Why shouldnt you suffer? I do! . . . . . . . . . . . . ?You know you lie to say I have killed you: . . . I could as soonforget you as my own existence! Is it not sufficient for your infernalselfishness, that while you are at peace I shall writhe in the torments of hell?. . . . . . . . . . . . How cruel youve been?cruel and false. . . . . . .. . . . . . I have not broken your heart?you have broken it; and in breaking ithave broken mine. . . . What kind of living will it be when ? oh, God! Wouldyou like to live with your soul in the grave?'(147-48) Love and hate are soclosely entwined that they are both expressed in a single sentence. No one willcall that exchange ?normal but it contains the essence of theirrelationship. Despite the barbs of blame for the situation being thrown there isno doubt that Catherines death pains Heathcliff to the very soul. Heathcliffbecomes determined to share the pain caused by Catherines betrayal and herdeath. The victims of his deranged vengeance are Isabella Linton, Edgar Linton,Linton Heathcliff, and Catherine Linton II. The more the worms writhe, themore I yearn to crush out their entails!(140). Clearly a sadistic attitudeand one that makes it absolutely clear that Heathcliffs marriage to Isabella isa revenge on both Catherine and Edgar. The marriage of Heathcliff to hersister-in-law is emo tionally damaging to an already frail Catherine. Edgar, whodespises Heathcliff throughout the novel, is shock and very nearly disowns hissister for marrying a ruffian like Heathcliff. So Heathcliff gets vengeance onEdgar as well. Poor Isabella is caught with a man who does not, in fact never,loved her. She writes Nelly, . There is another motivation for themarriage: money. Though his marriage with Isabella Heathcliff has placed himselfin line for not just money, but Edgar Lintons money. With Catherine andIsabellas deaths and the birth of Catherine II and Linton Heathcliff,Heathcliff continues his manipulations into another generation. The forcedmarriage between first cousins Catherine II and Linton, with all is aaccompanying duplicity, is a the final act of revenge. The subsequent deaths ofEdgar Linton and Linton Heathcliff leave Wuthering Heights and the Grange inHeathcliffs possession. The vengeance is complete: Heathcliff has everythingdear to Edgar, his property and his daughter ; the younger Catherine, because hecould not control her mother and he may feels that shre should have been his andCatherines daughter; and Hinleys son is turning out to be another Heathcliff. .ue39ebdd78b3d0a27f65a644cb2560764 , .ue39ebdd78b3d0a27f65a644cb2560764 .postImageUrl , .ue39ebdd78b3d0a27f65a644cb2560764 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue39ebdd78b3d0a27f65a644cb2560764 , .ue39ebdd78b3d0a27f65a644cb2560764:hover , .ue39ebdd78b3d0a27f65a644cb2560764:visited , .ue39ebdd78b3d0a27f65a644cb2560764:active { border:0!important; } .ue39ebdd78b3d0a27f65a644cb2560764 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue39ebdd78b3d0a27f65a644cb2560764 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue39ebdd78b3d0a27f65a644cb2560764:active , .ue39ebdd78b3d0a27f65a644cb2560764:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue39ebdd78b3d0a27f65a644cb2560764 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue39ebdd78b3d0a27f65a644cb2560764 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue39ebdd78b3d0a27f65a644cb2560764 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue39ebdd78b3d0a27f65a644cb2560764 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue39ebdd78b3d0a27f65a644cb2560764:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue39ebdd78b3d0a27f65a644cb2560764 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue39ebdd78b3d0a27f65a644cb2560764 .ue39ebdd78b3d0a27f65a644cb2560764-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue39ebdd78b3d0a27f65a644cb2560764:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: moralhf Laws vs. Morals in Mark Twain's The Advent EssayComplete victory for Heathcliff, but then a strange thing happens: Heathcliffstarts to mellow. He seems to realize that however complete his vengeance itgets him no closer to Catherine, her shade still wonders the moors. Heathcliffprofesses to Nelly, she has disturbed me, night and day, through eighteenyears (264). It is when Heathcliff prepares to spent eternity withCatherine that he final finds peace, with her and himself. Catherines coffin,buried for eighteen years, is dug up and a panel removed so Heathcliffsremains can mingle with hers. With Heathcliffs death there is at lastpeace at Wuthering Heights. He and Cat herine are together for all time. Theproperty, both Wuthering Height and the Grange have been returned to theirrightful owners Hareton Earshaw and Catherine II. Heathcliff had schemed toleave her destitute, but she will end up with both properties after her marriageto Hareton. A full circle has been completed and everything is as it should be,finally.

attila the hun essays

attila the hun essays Attila the Hun is known as one of the most ferocious leaders of ancient times. He was given the nickname Scourge God because of his ferocity. During the twentieth century, Hun was one of the worst name you could call a person, due to Attila. The Huns were a barbaric and savage group of people, and Attila, their leader, was no exception. He was the stereotypical sacker of cities and killer of babies. The Huns lasted long after their disappearance in mythology and folklore, as the bad guy. Generally, they were not fun people to be around. Priscus saw Attila the Hun at a banquet in 448. Priscus described him as being a short, squat man with a large head and deep-set eyes. He also had a flat nose and a thin beard. Historians say that his general personality was irritable, blustering, and truculent. He was said to be a persistent negotiator, and not at al pitiless. While Priscus was at the banquet in 448, he observed a few other details about Attila. All of Attilas chief lieutenants were served dainties on silver platters, but he was served only meat on wooden plates. No other real qualities of Attila as a general really survived through time, but he is thought to have been an outstanding commander from his accomplishments as a barbarian. Huns themselves were mysterious and feared people. They first appeared in the Fourth Century around the Roman Empire. They rode their warhorses around and cause the Germanic barbarians and Romans alike to fear them. Yet, it was said that they were very uncivilized. It was said that they made no use of fire, and just ate the roots of plants they found in fields. They were also said to have eaten the almost raw meat of animals. The only reason the meat was almost raw was because they were said to have cooked it by placing it between their thighs and the backs of their horses to give it warmth. The Huns sometimes engaged in regular battle. The...

K-129 Submarine explosion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

K-129 Submarine explosion - Essay Example The intelligence and the senior executives of each country do not have trust on the military to settle the issue. For that reason, the issue of the Nuclear Missile Submarine is still shrouded in mystery and uncertainty on what transpired. Different theories to explain why the submarine sank no American or Russian fail to state that the explosion result from an attempted nuclear missile launch as the primary source of the submarine demise. For many years, there is a speculation that an exploding warhead leads to the catastrophe. In the 1960s, small groups of American and Russian military specialists secretly cooperate to prevent a likely nuclear war. Wagner believes that Americans drowned their submarine in 1968. The Soviets had a direct line into the United States Navy Atlantic Fleet submarine headquarters. In the early 50s, American navy began installing hydrophone cables on the ocean floor. The underwater microphones could pick up sounds transmitted back to shore and converted to visual display. The author finds that the low frequency sounds travel in great distances to pick up noise from underwater explosions. Military specialists identified the sounds and determined if the sub was a diesel or nuclear powered and where it likely belonged. The development of the technology helped the specialists to establish the territory of the K-129 as well as other subs. Sewell finds that an expert witness testifying on the occurrence cited that it was an explosion. United States knows the whereabouts of the submarine since they recorded the wreck and buried the military officers at sea. . United States classifies all the information concerning the wreck as secret. The court investigating the sinking proves that sounds picked from hydrophones compare to those of the sinking submarine. Several SOSUS arrays recorded sufficient triangulation to provide a locus on the possible wreck site. Soviets naval lack an equivalent of

Israel and Philistine Debate Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Israel and Philistine Debate - Research Paper Example Fact 3inspite of the UN decision, Israeli public would be able not to recognize an independent state of Palestine (Hazony). Palestinian Question: Why did so many Palestinians sell their lands to the Israelis around 1948 if they really did not want Israelis to occupy lands in the area? Fact 1 A massive flow of refugees from Palestinian land to Israel resulted in the creation of a unilateral state of Israel that managed to shelter thousands of refugees from Arab nations and Palestinians (Palestinian Land). Fact 2 Hostile moods of Palestinians in 60s resulted in an unfavorable atmosphere in Israel (Whose Land?). Fact 3 Arabs did not believe in Israelis’ victory in the war and sold their lands to them having a hope to return to their homeland, which, actually was sold by their own hands. Israeli Question discussion The first fact that implies a more flexible policy conduct by Israeli is effective for putting up a conflict in Palestinians’ war for independence only in case P alestine would be ready to negotiate all core issues of their separation from Israeli. The majority of supporters of unilateral existence of Israeli and Palestinian states confirm the fact that the independence of the latter would result in a numerous chain of military conflicts or may even lead to war. Moreover, Israeli public claims that it will be able not to recognize the independence of Palestine. This fact can be justified, because this nation has sold its own land to Israeli and did not want to live as an independent nation, but now it appeals for the international community and has a clear intention to fight for its independence (Benari). With regards to the previous facts of hostile moods of Palestinians, it is hard to believe that the independent state would show tolerance to refugees, development of social programs etc (Palestinian Land). Moreover, an intention to establish an independent government could disturb Israeli’s territory. Palestinian Question discussion In the end of 40s, Israel managed to give a shelter to thousands of refugees from Palestine. In 10 years, Palestinians were not pleased by the fact that their land has already been gone, though it was their own fault and they sold their land themselves. Palestinians have deeply rooted historical bounds with Israel. This land is their motherland. The core of the conflict should not be found in the pieces of land that historically belonged to Palestinian public, but it is better to work in favor of the country, Israel, that saved this nation. Currently, Palestinians appeal for the UN and insist on â€Å"the promise it made to them six decades ago, ensuring that a just resolution for Palestinian refugees is put into effect† (The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict). Conclusion A life-long conflict between Israel and Palestine is rather challenging and represents an interesting topic for discussion. It has deep historical roots, but in order to solve it, it is desirable to look at the historical essence of the conflict. Therefore, in one way or another, but Israel has a dominance over Palestine, because it owns the land that was sold to them by Palestinians. It would be better for Palestinians to confirm the fact of their existence in terms of the state that sheltered

Artifical hydration in pallitiaive care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Artifical hydration in pallitiaive care - Essay Example 2). The palliative care in the UK is grounded on three developmental stages that are significant in comprehending the modern palliative care setting. The initial phase of evolution is concerned with the creation of a haven for dying individuals and giving of terminal care. The second level of advancement is the growth of contemporary hospice lobby. The last stage concentrates on the change from hospice to palliative care (Have & Janssens 2001, p. 85-86). As argued by Have & Janssens (2001), in the UK, palliative care is mostly provided to patients suffering from cancer although other patients that have terminal illnesses like Alzheimer’s disease, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), Parkinson’s disease, and advanced heart disease among other conditions that cannot be cured also qualify for the care (p.94). The national umbrella organisation, that facilitates palliative care in the UK, are NCPC (National Council for Palliative Care) and SPPC (Scottish Partnership for Palliative Care). This paper will discuss the artificial hydration in palliative care, its advantages and disadvantages and significance for the patient and end of life care. The discussion revolves around a community setting in the UK. The community palliative care teams provide palliative care in the rural areas. Most of the patients attended to in the community are those that decided to die at home. The services given receive funding from individua l charitable bodies and others by the National Health Service (NHS) (Have & Janssens 2001, p. 94). The artificial hydration in palliative care refers to the administration of fluids into the patient’s body through parenteral routes, nasogastric tube, gastrostomy and nasojejunostomy as a key necessity for nourishment. The truth is that artificial feeding cannot match the natural way of eating through the mouth

Portrayal of Arabs and Muslims in Hollywood

Portrayal of Arabs and Muslims in Hollywood Zeinab Kobeissi Over the years, pre and post 9/11, many people have noticed that Hollywood tends to dehumanize Arabs and Muslims. In most western movies, Arab and Muslim characters are subjected to racial and ethnic stereotyping and have continued to be the center of vilification for the entertainment industry in the states. The mass media has depicted Arab and Muslim stereotypes in a number of ways within the American culture and the west in general. Through the society’s media, literature, theatre, and many other creative outlets, stereotyping of Arabs and Muslims is manifested continuously. Such representations have been negative for the most part, whether they were based on historical facts or on works of fiction. They have also had very negative repercussions on Arabs and Muslims who live in the west especially as a reaction to current events and when it came to daily interactions. Generally, Arabs and Muslims exist as one-dimensional characters in Hollywood cinematic works and appear almost sub-human. They are typically always a danger or a threat, ignorant, violent, and most importantly obsessed with kidnapping or killing as many Westerners as possible as they supposedly view them as the enemy. Edward Said notably coined the term â€Å"Orientalism† to express the cultural habit of converting those from eastern cultures into the â€Å"Other†. The notion of Orientalism presents exotic characters that are created from a Western political and social biased perspective in order to provoke a powerful reaction against the eastern culture while at the same time confirming western values. Basically, the hero westerner defeats the nameless evil villain from the east and the western audience in turn feels good about itself. In Reel Bad Arabs, Shaheen states that televisions image of the Arab is omnipresent [and] is becoming a part of American folklore. He also says that Arabs have consistently appeared in American popular culture as billionaires, bombers, and belly dancers† which are known as the 3 B’s for the role of a typical Arab character in a Hollywood movie. What most seem to be forgetting though is the fact that â€Å"Muslim† is no more synonymous with â€Å"Arab† than â€Å"Christian† is with â€Å"American†. In Hollywood movies, Arabs are equivalent to Muslims, though Arabs actually comprise only 12 percent of the Islamic world population. Islam followers or supporters live on every continent and the Muslim majority is not present in the Middle East, rather in the Asia-Pacific region in countries like India, Malaysia, and Indonesia. In fact, the latter has the largest population of Muslims and is a constitutional republic. It is not very surprising, however, that Hollywood makes Arabs and Muslims synonymous, appearing in such a manner as one. Hollywood is simply reinforcing the concept of Orientalism when it comes to Muslims. Edward Said explains how the image of Muslims in the eyes of orientalists was not any different from anti-Semitic views by saying that, â€Å"Not accidently, I indicate that Orientalism and modern anti-Semitism have common roots†¦ The transference of a popular anti-Semitic animus from a Jewish to an Arab target was made smoothly, since the figure was essentially the same.† Basically, what Hollywood now does is use a newer and more effective technique to warp the image of Islam; how Muslims are described in Hollywood is similar to how the Jews were portrayed in Nazi-inspired movies. It is crucial however, to mention that there have actually been some movies after 9/11 that portray Muslims quite fairly; such as The 13th Warrior. Unfortunately though, the negative image is usually more influential than the positive one as it feeds people’s fears. According to a survey done by the Pew Forum in 2009, 35 percent of Americans believe that Islam promotes violence more than the rest of the other religions. Moreover, according to a poll done by Time Magazine, 62 percent of Americans do not personally know a Muslim American. This means that most Americans form their concept of Islam from what the mass media offers them, and this is extremely problematic. Hollywood must give out an image that gives attention to what unites the people of this world, focusing on the positives and the universal humanistic qualities that bring people together instead of dividing them. The 13th Warrior is one of the very few Hollywood movies that portray Arabs and Muslims realistically. The Arabs in this movie are portrayed in a way that they appear to be multi-dimensional just as any westerner would be in a Hollywood production. The Arab here is not only depicted as a regular human being but even more so as an actual hero. Even Jack Shaheen deems it as one of the best depictions of Arabs in film; it has a balanced and progressive image of Arabs. The main character, Ahmad ibn-Fadlan Ibn-Fadlan is an Arab, who is at the same time the narrator describing his exploits with the Vikings. He tells his experience with them looking back as an outsider. The life of these Vikings is seen from the perspective of a character who appears to be a learned member of a civilized society, serving as an observer and the viewers’ window to a foreign culture from foreign eyes. Through him, we see and react to traditions that neither we nor him are familiar with, and this makes t he viewer discover more about him as well as those he is talking about. The way he adapts to their cultural ways and even adopts some of their social patterns as well adds more layers to his character, and this encourages respect and tolerance for other religions and races. Neither the Arabs nor the Vikings seem to be radical or fanatic and no faith is criticized or put down. In The 13th Warrior, from the point of view of the Arab â€Å"other†, we see characters from two distinct cultures and backgrounds learning from each other and growing from the experience. The main character and protagonist in this Hollywood movie is actually a likable Arab who realistically tells the tale of his encounter with a strange culture and convincingly demonstrates his attempts to connect with this odd and bizarre world that he has stepped into. In turn, the Vikings treat him kindly and put aside his differences instead of distrusting him for them. They even come to a point where they refer to him as â€Å"little brother†. The Arab is portrayed as rational and intelligent vs. impulsive and primitive. Ibn-Fadlan quietly learned the Vikings’ tongue by immersing himself into their conversations during their nights next to the bonfire and carefully dissecting their language. He learns to understand it and speak it by merely listening to them talk and repeating the sounds in his mind, a task that would probably be impossible in real life. This helps his character appear as an educated man who is clever enough to accomplish incredible tasks quite quickly, which earned the respect of the Vikings. Another act of intelligence by Ibn-Fadlan is when he deciphers what the oracle had told him and his fellow warriors when they went to see her. The men wanted to ask about the whereabouts of some men who had attacked them earlier, but the woman was quite mad and could not speak very coherently. When no one was able to understand what she was hinting at, Ibn-Fadlan was able to put the clues together and finally tell the warriors where the men who had once attacked them lived. Not to mention that the Arab was the only one who was able to provide a token from the enemy for the oracle to derive energy from. â€Å"Drawing sounds†, which referred to the writing of letters and words, was something the Vikings knew only the Arab was capable of doing amongst them. A fellow warrior found Ibn-Fadlan drawing these sounds into the sand with a stick and wondrously questioned him about it. Ibn-Fadlan explained to him how he could also speak them back – read them – and showed him how it could be done. Even though the Viking still did not quite grasp this notion, he recognized Ibn-Fadlan’s spectacular ability to comprehend such a novel and complex idea and eventually learned from him, as Ibn-Fadlan did from the Vikings. Even though Ibn-Fadlan is Arab and Muslim, there is no direct assumption that just because he is Arab he is also a Muslim. The emphasis of his identity remains on the fact that he is an Arab and that is where the focus lies. We discover he is Muslim when he tries to explain to the Viking that there is only one God, and that Mohammed is his prophet, which is an actual prayer in Islam. Also, we see him praying on the prayer mat only once in the entire movie, which helps in showing that Muslims are not necessarily praying and saying â€Å"Allahu Akbar† all the time as they do in most other Hollywood productions. We are used to seeing the intolerant and angry Arab who cannot accept other cultures and religions other than his own. In this film the Arab surprisingly shows tolerance to the others’ religion and cultural practices unlike a stereotypical Arab, as depicted by Hollywood, who is always at war with the West and their ways. When Ibn-Fadlan gets injured in battle, a Viking woman attempts to heal his wounds by applying cow urine. When he learns what she is putting on his cuts he reacts quite disgustingly and asks her for clean water instead. After explaining how this is better for the wound to heal properly, he complies and puts his recovery in her unusual methods. You would never imagine an Arab falling in love with a Western woman and actually having a respectful and polite interaction as Hollywood almost always portrays the Arab man to be abusive and oppressive to women. Ibn-Fadlan falls in love with a Viking woman and they share a mutual admiration to one another; neither looks at the other as an â€Å"other† but rather as true equals. Unlike the usual Arab depiction of them mistreating women, here the Arab treats the Western woman with utter appreciation and affection. He even makes love to her outside of wedlock, that night after the big battle where they find themselves unable to resist their attraction to one another, which is also not allowed in Islam. Ibn-Fadlan finds himself trying out new things and not resisting exposing himself to alien traditions. The Arab is usually never adaptive or social in Hollywood films, but more closed off and unwilling to interact with the outside world. Ibn-Fadlan breaks this stereotype and engages in a give and take relationship with the Vikings where he accepts that he can learn a few things from their culture just as they could from him. One of these examples is when he attempts, for the first time, to taste an alcoholic beverage which a Muslim cannot have. Religiously at the time, the fermentation of grapes and of wheat were forbidden in Islam, so when the Viking offers Ibn-Fadlan a drink after battle, he politely rejects. However, when the Viking explains to him that this was actually made of honey, Ibn-Fadlan dares to take a sip from the Viking’s horn. At the beginning, Ibn-Fadlan is given a sword by the Vikings as this is what he would be using in battle. Arabs back then were used to fighting with lighter and much thinner swords, which meant there was no way the Arab was able to strategically fight and win with a sword that weighs almost twice or three times the one he usually uses. He adapts to certain fighting styles by observing the Vikings fight and learns to use new armory, such as the wooden shield used for protection which he is also not accustomed to. At the same time though, while learning that he would be a much better fighter and far more useful as a warrior, he decides to stick to the same old kind of sword he is used to and goes to the blacksmith asking for one according to his own specifications. Through this, the Vikings see the advantage of a lighter and therefore faster sword and are impressed with his wit. He successfully shows the Vikings that although his sword is lighter, although his horse is smaller (which h e was ridiculed for), he can be far more effective. Despite the fact both Arabs and Vikings are portrayed fairly and as both having equal negatives as well as positives, the Vikings are portrayed as somewhat more barbaric than the Arabs. Ironically, the way Arabs are portrayed as primitive in Hollywood movies is how the Vikings are portrayed in this movie, to some degree. They appear to be aggressive and impulsive, lacking hygiene, and not all that clever, while the Arab is the epitome of self-control, decency, and wit. Generally, neither is depicted as evil or bad; they are both righteous and pious warriors as shown by this film, but the underlying qualities of culture and traditions that are present for each are shown in different lights. The Vikings, in the beginning, are made out to look like complete fools and dirty slobs who possess limited intellectual skills. They share a bowel of water to remove snot from their noses and rinse their mouth with which they pass around for everyone to use. They also cast a few of bones to predic t future events that might take place. However the Arab appears to be very clean and even shows disgust to their unhygienic ways (it is not shocking how he was unable to adapt to this specific cleansing method). The usual poor misrepresentation of Arabs and Muslims that dominates Hollywood movies is what seems to be pushing movies such as The 13th Warrior into the background. The twisted depiction of Arabs and Muslims is a representative image of how they truly are; it is a myth and does not fully reflect reality. A certain connotation is masquerading as a denotation and it became so literal that people started believing it as fact. There exists this dominant meaning or understanding of Islam or Arab-ness, which is not fixed or inherent, rather created based on a complex of social interaction among the two parties or sides. The interplay between the different cultures created this iconic image and a certain decision was made when it was chosen to be represented in this manner; it was agreed upon in a particular context to portray this value and this culturally imposed meaning. One thing is for sure: Hollywood’s determination on reacting to the same political and social spurs for years and even decades now is pretty consistent. No group of peoples provide more ground for Hollywood’s degenerating stereotyping than Arabs and Muslims, and it seems that this is probably not going to change any time soon. As the world’s leading cinematic industry, the Arab stereotype has a greater negative impact on audiences today than it did decades ago. Nowadays, Hollywood’s films are created, developed, and disseminated world-wide, reaching viewers globally. The international success of a movie has become the decider of its popularity; it is not just domestic and local approval that deems a movie a hit anymore. Also, Arab images not only affect international audiences, but international movie makers as well in this case. Arabs and Muslims have given the world quite a lot throughout the years, from architecture to mathematics, but how much of it has found its way onto the movie screens? They have grown tired of seeing rudimentary and inaccurate depictions of themselves that are causing them to be extremely misrepresented to others on this planet. In fact, what does Hollywood think the 1.6 billion Muslims around the world are thinking when they see movies that they are depicted so unjustly in? Hollywood realizes that it has a key role to play in shaping public opinion (domestically and internationally) but only time will tell whether it ever decides to deliver a realistic and just viewpoint on the Muslim world, the Arab world, and their peoples. The most effective films are the ones that remind us that the essence of our collective human experience shows us at our best, free of nationality, ethnicity, politics or religion. But before a movie can ever deliver that, it must be completely and utterly with out stereotype to say the least, Muslim, Arab or otherwise.